About this course

Following a short overview of the causes and mechanisms of climate change, the course reviews current and expected human health impacts, with particular emphasis on impacts in Vermont and the northeast. These include heat-related illness, water-related impacts, vector borne diseases, air quality impacts, and mental health and well-being. Because climate change affects some people more than others, populations of concern and measures of vulnerability are addressed. The course culminates with examples of strategies used in Vermont and nationally to reduce climate change impacts on health and to improve health through climate change mitigation actions. Learners can select Level 1 for an overview or Level 2 for a deeper exploration of the five types of health impacts.

What you'll learn

After completing this course, you will be able to...

• Explain how and why the climate is changing.
• List the health conditions exacerbated by climate change, explain how weather/climate affects each health condition, and how we expect future climate change to modify health risks.
• List those populations more vulnerable to the effects of climate change and explain why they are vulnerable.
• Describe the health co-benefits of climate change mitigation strategies.
• Describe climate adaptation and preparedness strategies to reduce climate-related health risks.

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  Jared Ulmer, MPH, AICP

  Climate & Health
  Program Coordinator,
  Vermont Department of Health

• 
  Lynn Blevins, MD, MPH

  Clinical Assistant
  Professor,
  University of Vermont
  College of Medicine



• 
  David Grass, PhD

  Environmental Health
  Surveillance Chief,
  Vermont Department of Health

• 
  Elizabeth Faye, MPH

  Instructional Technologist
  Activist Lab,
  BU School of
  Public Health

Enrollment and Contact Hours

Note there are two different options for enrolling in this course highlighted in the table below.

The Certificate of Completion will include the length of the module. Contact hours may be applicable towards continuing education requirements for certain credentials. Check with your credentialing body to verify if the topic meets its continuing education requirements.

Having trouble accessing the course? Contact support@nephtc.org

Acknowledgement:

This project is/was supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under grant number UB6HP27877 “Regional Public Health Training Center Program”. This information or content and conclusions are those of the author and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this course

This course provides an overview of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the risks it poses to people and pets. Learn how to monitor recreational waters for cyanobacteria (including distinguishing it from look-alikes), manage recreational waters when cyanobacteria is present, and track blooms. Information is provided on documentation through photographs, water sampling and reporting systems.

This training is intended for public health and environmental personnel, state and municipal employees responsible for management of recreational waters, citizen scientists participating in a cyanobacteria monitoring program, as well as anyone interested in learning about cyanobacteria and how recreational waters are monitored and managed from a public health perspective.

This training was developed in conjunction with the University of Vermont, Vermont Department of Health, and Lake Champlain Committee to address the concern about water quality in Vermont. Therefore, the regulations and administrative processes cited are specific to Vermont. However, the underlying science and public health implications are applicable to all states and jurisdictions.

What you'll learn

After completing this course, you will be able to answer the following questions.

• What are cyanobacteria?
• What are the risks to people and pets?
• How do you monitor for it?
• What should you do if you find it?
• How can you track instances?

Subject Matter Expert

• 
  Lynn Blevins

  Clinical Assistant Professor
  University of Vermont
  College of Medicine

Enrollment and Contact Hours

Note there are two different options for enrolling in this course highlighted in the table below.

The Certificate of Completion will include the length of the module. Generally 50 – 60 minutes is equivalent to 1 contact hour. Contact hours may be applicable towards continuing education requirements for certain credentials. Check with your credentialing body to verify if the topic meets its continuing education requirements.

If you wish to receive contact hours in Massachusetts, please go to the Massachusetts-specific training on Recreational Waters.

About this course

This course reviews the four health hazards common to recreational waters: biological, chemical, physical, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Information is provided on water sampling and testing, visual monitoring, reporting, and recreational water management (i.e., beach closure, signage). This training is intended for the environmental public health workforce, state and municipal employees responsible for management of recreational waters, as well as anyone interested in understanding how recreational waters are monitored and managed from a public health perspective.

This training is intended for public health and environmental personnel, state and municipal employees responsible for management of recreational waters, citizen scientists participating in a cyanobacteria monitoring program, as well as anyone interested in learning about cyanobacteria and how recreational waters are monitored and managed from a public health perspective.

While the regulations and administrative processes cited are specific to Vermont, the underlying science and public health implications are applicable to all states and jurisdictions.

What you'll learn

After completing this course, you will be able to address the following questions.

• Identify common recreational water hazards
• Describe regulations and strategies to prevent recreational waterborne illnesses
• Describe methods to monitor, sample, and test recreational water
• Explain the process for posting warning signs and closing beaches

Subject Matter Expert

• 
  Lynn Blevins

  Clinical Assistant Professor
  University of Vermont
  College of Medicine

Enrollment and Contact Hours

Note there are two different options for enrolling in this course highlighted in the table below.

The Certificate of Completion will include the length of the module. Generally 50 – 60 minutes is equivalent to 1 contact hour. Contact hours may be applicable towards continuing education requirements for certain credentials. Check with your credentialing body to verify if the topic meets its continuing education requirements.

If you wish to receive contact hours in Massachusetts, please go to the Massachusetts-specific training on Recreational Waters.

About this Webinar

Join us to learn about Project REACH, a free resource for sharing information about community and health care interventions that could work in your community and/or health care setting. We have created easy-to- understand summaries of different studies and provided links to the full study materials if you want more in-depth information.

What you'll learn

After attending this webinar, participants will be able to:

• Understand the importance of planning and ensuring research is disseminated in multiple ways to reach end users and increase the use of evidence to improve health outcomes.
• Promote awareness of a new project called REACH: Research Evidence for Action for Community Health, which is testing strategies to enhance research dissemination.
• Learn about the methods REACH uses to foster collaborations and increase stakeholder participation in the REACH process.
• Discover opportunities to get involved: provide your input and ideas to help promote the REACH project.

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  

  Lisbeth Balligan
  

More

Ms. Balligan brings over 15 years of experience in research and public health to provide overall programmatic support to investigators and project staff. Most of her work focuses on T4 research including clinical implementation and population health integration of research findings, including dissemination. Ms. Balligan coordinates activities and facilitates the development and maintenance of partnerships and research collaborations across clinical and community settings Maine by championing a community-engaged approach to research.
In her role on the Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research Network, Ms. Balligan directs the development of regional community engagement research councils across Maine to allow for meaningful participation in evaluation and research among community members and partners, clinical investigators and researchers. In Western Maine, Ms. Balligan recently co-facilitated a project to elevate community voices about the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences by developing a public awareness campaign in Western Maine. Ms. Balligan is serving as co- investigator on a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) grant to build capacity for research dissemination and translation into practice. The study aims to create a robust, sustainable infrastructure for disseminating evidence to organizations and leaders to address the needs of patients and communities in rural Maine.

• 
  

  Carrie Sullivan
  

More

Carolyn (Carrie) Sullivan is a member of the Research Navigation team at the MaineHealth Institute for Research. Her work focuses primarily on promoting health research in rural communities, particularly Midcoast Maine, as part of the Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research (NNE-CTR) Network.,
Carrie has a bachelor’s degree in Community Health Education from University of Wisconsin and a Master’s in Public Health Administration from School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota. Her passion and training are in working at the community level to translate research into practice in ways the produce demonstrable improvements in public health. Carrie’s previously worked at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, that National Cancer Institute, and the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University before joining Maine Medical Research Institute.

Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.

Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Webinar

Water quality, access, use, and scarcity are all significant public health challenges that people face around the world. This day-long symposium will feature guest presenters to talk about some of the water quality challenges in Maine (environmental contamination, waste); access (ownership), usage (farming, recycling), and scarcity (drought, climate change).

What you'll learn

At the end of the course, you will be able to:

1. Identify sources of water contamination in Maine.

2. Describe challenges in water access and quality.

3. Identify strategies to improve water quality and access.

Subject Matter Expert

• 
  

  Nicki Pellenz
  
  

• 
  

  Dave Parent
  
  

• 
  

  Lisa Sockabasin
  
  

• 
  

  Hugh Kirkpatrick
  
  

• 
  

  Paul Thomas Hunt
  
  

• 
  

  Patrick McKeown
  
  

• 
  

  Sergio Cahueque
  
  

• 
  

  Rebecca Lincoln
  

About this Webinar

Alcohol use kills an estimated 178,000 people in the US each year, but frequently, the harm caused by alcohol use is not regarded as a serious public health concern. This webinar will generate more public awareness and action in alcohol misuse prevention, and what we can do to disrupt alcohol use culture. 

This webinar will cover what alcohol use prevention currently looks like in Maine, and why alcohol use should be a priority of anyone working in substance use prevention.

What you'll learn

After attending this webinar, participants will be able to:

• Identify at least three ways that alcohol use impacts long-term health.
• Understand the work being done at Maine CDC in alcohol use prevention
• Understand what each person can do to help create clarity and intention within alcohol use culture

Subject Matter Experts

Ellen Blake

More

Rebecca Boulos, MPH, PhD is executive director of Maine Public Health Association. Becca earned her Master of Public Health from Yale University and her PhD from Tufts University. Becca provides research expertise for MPHA’s advocacy and policy efforts.

Ellen Blake is a certified prevention specialist working in substance use prevention for the Maine CDC, focusing on alcohol use prevention, workplace wellness, and problem gamblingservices. She began her work in prevention as a teenager, working for the Youth Empowerment Policy Project, and it’s been the field she’s worked to get back to ever since. Since starting at Maine CDC in 2020, she has elevated the state’s annual alcohol misuse prevention conference and created many new printed resources and tools to increase prevention awareness and strives to challenge our assumptions and break us out of habits, so each person can make informed and intentional choices about their health and safety.

Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.

Enroll Me

About this Webinar

In this first session on per and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), we will focus on identification of PFAS as a large group of chemicals, how PFAS are defined, how people are exposed to a small subset of the PFAS chemicals that are currently regulated in drinking water sources around New England. We will also discuss evidence for population health concerns, as well as efforts being taken in the region to address PFAS.

What you'll learn

At the end of the webinar, participants will be able to:

• Define PFAS and list 6-7 PFA chemicals of importance
• Identify the key exposure sources in people in New England
• Describe the health concerns associated with the 6-7 PFAS chemicals
• Discuss the efforts in New England and federally to address PFAS

Subject Matter Expert

• 
  

  Wendy Heiger-Bernays
  

More

Wendy Heiger-Bernays, PhD is Professor of Environmental Health at the BU School of Public Health where she has spent decades applying her expertise in toxicology and risk assessment to research and translation around environmental chemical exposures. She serves as Chair of her local Board of Health, as a member of the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act Science Advisory Board and is on the Science Advisory Chemicals Committee for the Federal EPA Toxics Substances Control Act.





Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.



Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Webinar

Over the past 45 years, Maine’s Bottle Bill program has been extremely effective at reducing litter, increasing recycling, creating jobs, funding charities, and reducing costs for municipalities and taxpayers. The Bottle Bill is a critical foundation for Maine’s recycling culture and remains as important and relevant as ever. Maine's legislature recently passed two bills to keep redemption centers in business and modernize the system. The discussions highlighted the special role that redemption centers play in keeping this program going, and the unique job opportunities they provide. Many of the owners do not turn much profit but do the work because they recognize it is environmental and social significance. The new laws will provide opportunity to further strengthen this program, reduce waste, and create more jobs.

What you'll learn

At the end of the recording, participants will be able to:

• Explain how the Bottle Bill supports jobs in Maine and what happens to the unclaimed deposits. 
  
• Compare effectiveness of recycling and litter reduction with other types of recycling programs.
• Discuss potential of recently passed and future legislation. 
  
  

Subject Matter Expert

• 
  

  Sarah Nichols
  Sustainable Maine Director
  
  

More

Sarah is a waste policy expert and leads NRCM’s local and state efforts to reduce waste and litter, encourage reuse, and increase recycling and composting in Maine. Prior to joining NRCM in 2014, she spent several years working to improve recycling programs in rural communities. She earned a master’s degree from the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California Santa Barbara, where she specialized in environmental policy, and has a bachelor’s degree from the University of New Hampshire in Environmental & Resource Economics. Sarah is from Bath and resides in Cumberland.

• 
  

  Shandra Rubchinuk
  Co-Owner of Jansel Redemption Center

More

Shandra has been in Maine for 22 years and lives in Winthrop. She opened a children’s second hand store in order to be at home with her children and saw a need to reduce reuse and recycle. The store has been open for 10 years, children Luke & Aalayah are now 11 & 13. Her partner Jason worked for his uncle for 23 years counting and sorting bottles at a redemption center that was open for 40 years. His uncle finally retired and the two opened JANSEL Redemption center in Jan of 2023. They streamlined the process and are busier than ever.

• 
  

  Mike Noel
  Public Affairs Director, TOMRA

More

Mike is a corporate sustainability and public affairs expert with working experience across the public, private and civil sectors. At TOMRA, the world’s largest provider of recycling and reuse technology, Mike advises policymakers on packaging and textiles waste management and reuse policies. TOMRA operates in over 40 jurisdictions around the world with refillable and single-use container deposit return systems and EPR policies. The first project of TOMRA’s Reuse venture includes operating a reusable take-out packaging program in Denmark. Mike is the co- author of “Rewarding Recycling: Learnings from the World’s Highest Performing Deposit Systems”. Prior to joining TOMRA, Mike was a Strategy Director at Futerra where he advised multinationals including Google, Target and 3M on their circular economy and climate strategies. Mike studied Marketing and Environmental Policy at Fordham University where he led a successful campaign to establish the University's Sustainable Business program. Mike is based in Connecticut where he is busy trying to get his 5 year old twins to eat their vegetables.

Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.

Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Deparment of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Webinar

In this Webinar series, you will get to know two important environmental health issues: extreme heat and air pollution. We will discuss important concepts and research methods through case-studies on specific projects conducted in the City of Chelsea, Massachusetts.

What you'll learn

At the end of the webinar, participants will be able to:

• Explain key environmental health concepts, risk factors for various environmental exposures, vulnerable populations, environmental (in)justice, quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, and community-engaged approaches.
• Demonstrate a deeper understanding of two important environmental exposures of concern in the context of an environmental justice community: extreme heat and air pollution.
• Identify facilitators and barriers that different community partners face when communicating environmental health risks.  
• Discuss relevant environmental health policy and regulatory applications. 

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  

  Alina McIntyre
  

More

Alina McIntyre is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Environmental Health at the Boston University School of Public Health. After earning a Bachelor’s degree in both Community Health and Spanish at Tufts University, Alina completed a Master’s degree in Environmental Health and Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her research is part of the Chelsea and East Boston Heat Study (C-HEAT), a collaborative project between GreenRoots, Inc. and BUSPH. She is specifically involved in community-engaged heat and air pollution exposure research, drawing on environmental epidemiology, exposure assessment, and qualitative methods.





Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.



Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Webinar

In this Webinar series, you will get to know two important environmental health issues: extreme heat and air pollution. We will discuss important concepts and research methods through case-studies on specific projects conducted in the City of Chelsea, Massachusetts.

What you'll learn

At the end of the webinar, participants will be able to:

• Explain key environmental health concepts, risk factors for various environmental exposures, vulnerable populations, environmental (in)justice, quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, and community-engaged approaches.
• Demonstrate a deeper understanding of two important environmental exposures of concern in the context of an environmental justice community: extreme heat and air pollution.
• Identify facilitators and barriers that different community partners face when communicating environmental health risks.  
• Discuss relevant environmental health policy and regulatory applications. 

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  

  Alina McIntyre
  

More

Alina McIntyre is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Environmental Health at the Boston University School of Public Health. After earning a Bachelor’s degree in both Community Health and Spanish at Tufts University, Alina completed a Master’s degree in Environmental Health and Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her research is part of the Chelsea and East Boston Heat Study (C-HEAT), a collaborative project between GreenRoots, Inc. and BUSPH. She is specifically involved in community-engaged heat and air pollution exposure research, drawing on environmental epidemiology, exposure assessment, and qualitative methods.

• 
  

  Bianca Navarro Bowman
  

More

Bianca Navarro Bowman is the Climate Justice Coordinator at GreenRoots, Inc. She is passionate about building community knowledge, power, and leadership to combat the unequal distribution of the effects of climate change. At GreenRoots, she leads and supports projects that focus on centering resident involvement and perspectives in advancing community climate resilience and adaptation. Bianca loves working with community members and coworkers to improve the ability of EJ populations to safely navigate increasing summer heat temperatures, flood impacts, and decarbonization efforts that threaten to leave low- and middle-income folks and people of color behind in the clean energy transition. She is originally from the Washington, DC area and graduated from the College of William & Mary in Virginia. She studied English Literature and Environmental Science & Policy and has a background in community-based citizen science research, environmental field work and forest fire management work.





Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.



Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Webinar

Maine's aged building stock creates wide spread health challenges including asthma, exposures to toxins in building materials, stress in physical discomfort and vulnerability in extreme weather and anxiety of about heating and cooling costs. The barriers to retrofitting are multi-fold, the rewards of retrofitting combine the health benefits with carbon and reduction as part of our path to our carbon goals. Equitable approaches to improving the built environment are critical. passivhausMAINE is exploring bundling funding sources for systemic approaches to whole building renovation. We are preparing the case for cross/multi department communication and systems to ease the funding barriers and structure scalable retrofits across the state through pilot projects in Freeport and Lewiston, Maine. 

What you'll learn

After attending this webinar, participants will be able to:

• Demonstrate the potential for wide scale retrofits through multi-agency funding approaches.
• Analyse the comprehensive benefits of building retrofits to physical and mental health and the corollary benefits of carbon and energy reduction. 
• Explore the overlapping issues of housing, gender, racial, education and economic justice. 

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  

  Naomi Beal
  

More

Naomi Beal is the Executive Director and founding member of passivhausMAINE [phME] and a founding board member of the Passive House Network. Naomi embraces the challenge of developing phME into a sustainable and impactful organisation through local, national, and international partnerships. Naomi believes Maine’s economic development can be fostered through a framework of building efficiency and innovative and traditional wood products and prioritizes equitable retrofits as both climate mitigation and adaptation. Naomi lives in South Freeport, ME.

Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.

Acknowledgement: This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of award 2 UB6HP31685‐05‐00 “Public Health Training Centers.” The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

About this Recording

SPH Reads is a school-wide reading program hosted by the Office of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice. The 2021 book selection is Waste: One Woman’s Fight Against America’s Dirty Secret, by Catherine Coleman Flowers.

What you'll learn

At the end of the recording, participants will be able to:

• Discuss waste water infrastructure as an example of environmental injustice
• Identify examples of systemic racism and classism that have negatively affected health in the United States
• Identify possible specific activities individuals can participate in to address large issues of climate change and structural racism

Subject Matter Experts

• 
  

  Catherine Coleman Flowers
  @CATHFLOWERS

  Environmental and Climate Justice Activist, Author

More

Catherine Coleman Flowers is an internationally recognized environmental activist, MacArthur “genius” grant recipient, and author. She has dedicated her life’s work to advocating for environmental justice, primarily equal access to clean water and functional sanitation for communities across the United States. Founder of the Center for Rural Enterprise and Environmental Justice (CREEJ), Flowers has spent her career promoting equal access to clean water, air, sanitation, and soil to reduce health and economic disparities in marginalized, rural communities. In addition, Flowers serves as Rural Development Manager for Bryan Stevenson’s Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), is a Board Member for the Center for Earth Ethics at Union Theological Seminary, and sits on the Board of Directors for the Climate Reality Project and the Natural Resources Defense Council. Flowers is also Co-Chair of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Commission on Accelerating Climate Action and Practitioner in Residence at Duke University. In 2021, her leadership and fervor in fighting for solutions to these issues led her to one of her most notable appointments yet — Vice Chair of the Biden Administration’s inaugural White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Flowers was also named Levenick Resident Scholar in Sustainable Leadership at the University of Illinois for the spring 2021 and was awarded an honorary PhD in science from Wesleyan University. As the author of Waste: One Woman’s Fight Against America’s Dirty Secret, Flowers shares her inspiring story of advocacy, from childhood to environmental justice champion. She discusses sanitation and its correlation with systemic class, racial, and geographic prejudice that affects people across the United States. She has been featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Bloomberg, The Guardian, and on PBS.

• 
  

  Barbara Moran
  @MORANWRITER
  

  Moderator
  Senior Producing Editor
  WBUR

More

Barbara Moran, environmental editor, WBUR For more than 20 years, Moran has worked as a science journalist committed to covering issues of public health, environmental justice and the intersection of science and society. She has written for many publications, including The New York Times, New Scientist, Technology Review and the Boston Globe Magazine, and produced television documentaries for PBS and others. A few years ago she added radio reporting to her repertoire, and now runs WBUR’s three-person environmental team, which covers stories about energy, ecology and environmental justice for Boston and beyond. She was a Knight Fellow at MIT, and was twice awarded the National Association of Science Writers’ highest honor, the Science in Society Award.

Registration

Select the Enroll Me button below to register for this recording. If you have any trouble accessing the recording, contact support@nephtc.org.

_{Acknowledgement: This project is/was supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under grant number UB6HP31685 “Regional Public Health Training Center Program.” This information or content and conclusions are those of the author and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.}